Garden City During the 19th century, the jungle was cleared in Singapore, first to make way for agriculture, and later to make room for urban growth. The colonial government introduced street plantings and civic spaces, attempting to preserve the remaining natural vegetation and ameliorate the loss of greenery. This was, however, interrupted by the onset of World War II and the Japanese Occupation.
In 1963, Lee Kuan Yew identified a ‘Green Singapore’ as a key competitive factor in attracting foreign investment and contributing to the quality of life of Singaporeans. Resources were directed towards building up Singapore’s natural environment through the active planting of trees and shrubs along roads, on vacant plots and on new development sites. The Parks and Recreation Department (PRD) was formed in 1976 for this purpose. As most of Singapore’s streets were devoid of greenery, the key task of the PRD was to increase the amount of plants and vegetation in public spaces. Fast- growing indigenous trees such as the angsana, rain tree, yellow flame and ketapang were introduced.
The next phase of the Garden City programme saw the cultivation of free- flowering trees and shrubs like frangipani and bougainvillea, which added colour to the landscape. In addition, paved areas, such as car parks, were planted with trees to attenuate the build- up of heat over asphalt surfaces. Concrete structures, such as flyovers, were also planted with creepers, such as the climbing fig.
By the 1980s, Singapore had tree- lined roads interspersed with parks filled with flowering plants and greenery. ‘Green lungs’ had been created in commercial areas such as the Marina City Park, while developers of residential areas were required to plant roadside trees and set aside land for open space. Parks competed with residential, commercial and industrial developments for land use, and park plannners had to consider factors such as the location of population centres and accessibility.
In 1990, the National Parks Board (NParks) was formed, comprising the Singapore Botanic Gardens and research divisions of the PRD. NParks also undertook a major programme to rejuvenate the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Fort Canning Park found new life as a performance venue. Singapore’s nature reserves were also given new resources for conservation.
On 1 July 1996, the PRD as a whole merged with NParks. NParks instituted community outreach and education programmes such as the ‘Adopt- a- Park’ scheme, through which schools and other organizations were encouraged to help tend their own special garden plots with an aim to cultivating a sense of ownership of the natural environment.
As the Garden City took shape, NParks introduced the heritage trees concept in 2002 to preserve and maintain prime specimens of old trees, while the heritage roads scheme (also launched in 2002) sought to preserve distinctive roadside landscapes.
NParks now manages a hierarchy of parks and open spaces, including nature reserves, roadside greenery and vacant state land. The Park Connector Network, a comprehensive network of park corridors, links major parks and nature areas. To sustain the development of the Garden City, NParks has completed its islandwide Streetscape Greenery Master Plan, which is aimed at creating distinctive landmarks out of future roadside greenery. Skyrise and rooftop greenery is also encouraged as part of the aim to optimize land use. Such features include rooftop gardens, landscaped bridges, terraces, decks and balconies. Other forms of skyrise greenery are plants on flyovers and pedestrian overhead bridges, as well as landscaped gardens above basement carparks.
See also nature conservation.